Language Change Module

Task 1:
Autotune-a device or facility for tuning something automatically, especially a piece of computer software which enables the correction of an out-of-tune vocal performance
Birdhouse-North American term for nest box
Comedy of errors-A comedy of errors is a narrative work (often a play) that is light and often humorous or satirical in tone, in which the action usually features a series of comic instances of mistaken identity, and which typically culminates in a happy resolution of the thematic conflict
Dartboard-a circular board marked with numbered segments, used as a target in the game of darts
E-cigarette-another term for electronic cigarette.
Forensic Science-Forensic Science is any science used for the purposes of the law, and therefore provides impartial scientific evidence for use in the courts of law, e.g. in a criminal investigation and trial
Go-fish- card game in which each player in turn asks an opponent for a particular card and is told to “go fish” from the undealt deck if denied. Matthew and Gordon had started another game of cards, this time go fish. We played another game of war, and then some go fish.
H20-Chemical symbol for water
Jeggings-tight-fitting stretch trousers for women, styled to resemble a pair of denim jeans
Kettlebell-a large cast-iron ball-shaped weight with a single handle
Marco Polo-Italian explorer of the late thirteenth century
Photobomb-spoil a photograph of (a person or thing) by unexpectedly appearing in the camera's field of view as the picture is taken, typically as a prank or practical joke.
Retweet-(on the social media website Twitter) repost or forward (a message posted by another user)
Skort-a pair of shorts with a flap across the front (and sometimes also the back) to give the appearance of a skirt.
Tweeting-make a posting on the social media website Twitter
Uber-denoting an outstanding or supreme example of a particular kind of person or thing.
Vape-inhale and exhale the vapour produced by an electronic cigarette or similar device
Webisode-an original episode derived from a television series, made for online viewing.

• an online video that presents an original short film or promotes a product, film, or television series.

Young gun-a young man regarded as assertive and aggressively self-confident

Task 2:

• Prescriptivism-Linguistic prescription (or prescriptivism) is the practice of elevating one variety or manner of language use over another. It may imply some forms are incorrect, improper, illogical, lack communicative effect, or are of low aesthetic value.
• Descriptivism-In the study of language, description or descriptive linguistics is the work of objectively analyzing and describing how language is actually used (or how it was used in the past) by a group of people in a speech community.
• Synchronic change-The study of a language at one period in time (usually the present).

Task 3:

TED Talk-Descriptivism as he is analyzing how language has changed over a number of years as well as analyzing how certain parts of lanaguage has been chnaged to mean different things than they would've done in the past.

John Humphreys article- Prescriptivisim as he is showing how certain forms of speech is being used over others (text speak). He is also looking at how these types of language may effective the use of language in the future and currently in the present.

Stages in Child Development

Cooing Stage: This is the first stage of a child's language development. This stage can develop as early as siz weeks and the infants will start making spontaneous cooing noises such as "aaa, ooo, ahh". At its earliest stage, the child is trying to manipulate their tongues, mouths and breathing by making a series of sounds. This is often the case when the child is alone as they're experimenting with different noises.
At 8-20 weeks the child's phonology allows the child to improve their voice control meaning that the child is now producing softer sounds in order for them to test their new communication skills. The 'comfort' sounds consist of a constant vowel or consonant sound such as "coo, gaa" and "goo"

Babbling Stage: This is the second stage of a child's language development. Starting at infant stage, the child begins to try articulate sounds and uttering without any recognized words. This will go on to around 12 months when they will then be able to produce recognizable words though babbling may continue.
The types of babbling are reduplicated babbling "da da da da" and Non reduplicated babbling "ka da bu ba mi doy doy doy"
After 9 months the child will start to use gestures and body language to show that they're understanding the language but cannot express it.

Verbal Scribbling: This is the third stage of a child's language development. Starting around 20-30 week period the babies will begin to test their voices by changing pitch, volume, rate and quality. Over time the child will be able to use consonant and vowel sounds, be able to adjust pitch through playing an experimenting with their voices.
They will also begin to play with sounds from the nasal such as "mmm" and "nnn" and fricative such as "fff" are produced. They practice variety of sounds such as glides low-high and high-low and towards the end of the stage the child will be able to put together the vowel and consonant sounds which is the start of babbling.

Melodic Utterance Stage: This is the fourth stage of a child's language development. Starting from 9-18 months a child will begin to use intonation (tone), melody (pitch) and rhythm (pattern) of their voices. While developing some of their uttering may be misheard as a question due to them not learning how their tone of voice works and over time and depending on nationality of the child, will start to follow different rhythmical patterns such as "tum-ti-tum" for English children and "rat-rat-rat" for French children.

Lexical and Grammatical Development
Stage One: Holophrastic
These are single words used to convey many meanings. Starting at around the 12-18 month period, the child will utter their first word and build a vocabulary on this at holophrases which can reach about 50 words. (10x more words learned). They convey a meaning of a sentence/phrase through the body language, intonation and volume but the words will relate to the child's everyday life.

Stage Two: Two Words
These are two words formed together to make/use a sentence. Starting at 18 months The child is now able to choose the word order for their sentences which makes a simple grammatical analyses of the meaning of these 'sentences'. These are much more flexible with grammatical functions which are (1 action affects an object (2 actor performs an action (3 object given a location. However, the sentences may not make sense still for example "mummy-daddy" still has no grammatical correctness. But, the child will now have correct syntax (my bed), begin to use prepositions (on head), use possession words (my cat) and use pronouns (she cold).

Stage Three: Telegraphic
This is when the child begins to use sentence of up to four words in length. Starting at 2-2.5 years, a child will learn how to form proper sentences but still with some sentences being filled with gaps. This is where non-lexical words like 'and,'but', 'if', conjunctions such as 'the', 'a', articles such as 'is' and auxillary verbs are sometime missing and endings such as 'ing' are also missing. At this stage the child will use three conventions to get across what they want and these are statements, questions and commands.

Stage Four: Post Telegraphic Stage
This when a child has language to a point where they're able to give enough information in a sentence. Starting from around age 3 a child will begin to use this and increase their vocabulary from 50 words to around 13,000 words. The sentences are very basic for example “mummy eat carrot". At the end of stage, a child is likely to use plurals and joining words in order to try to grasp language and their tense.

Coursework Theories

Language and Power Fairclough 2001
The first theory is Norman Fairclough's language and power theory which looks at how language is used to assert power over others and how it can be used to gain  power over those who may oppose a certain person. This is relevant to my investigation as I will be able to look at how different managers use power language features in order to gain the respect of those in the press conference rooms and how they may deploy power language features to reply to any FTA's that may be said or how they may avoid them.  An example of this may be a manager may try to interrupt the media during questions if they feel that his team may come under criticism for how they may have played and by using these features may win the room over regardless of result or performance.

Brown and Levinson-Politeness Theory
The second theory is Brown and Levinson's Politeness Theory. This is relevant to my investigation as I am looking at different ways that football managers deal with FTA's during press conferences after games. Not only this but this theory will allow me to dive into how managers of different prestige and nationality deal with these.  For example, a manager from a lower league team and from England may be more inclined to be more polite when facing an FTA, whereas a foreign from a high level team may be more impolite when facing a FTA as he may see his team as on e to be respected at all times.

Wareing 1999
The third theory is Wareing's theory of the three types of power within language which are political, personal and social group. For my investigation the most relevant one is Personal power because a manager will have power due to his occupation. This may come in use for my investigation as manager may use this type of power to keep the media from using any FTA's as his occupation means he should be respected and he shouldn't need to be treated in this sort of way.

Source 5 Summer Task

http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33623590

For the last source we look at Bristol Rovers manager Darrell Clarke in his pursuit of a new deal after guiding his team to the Football League at the first attempt since their relegation twelve months ago.

His response from his interview was that “Bristol Rovers are a great club with great supporters, I'm looking forward to building on the success we had last season. There was never any question of me not agreeing to sign a new contract, we just needed a little bit of time to iron out all of the details". This is a positive face as he has not tarnished his reputation by not signing a new deal and then ultimately leaving the club. This is a good thing for all those involved at Bristol Rovers by him signing a new deal.

When we compare all of the sources we can see that those managing at a lower level for example Steve Cotterill of Bristol City are more open to answer questions from the media regarding trnafers and tactics for the dream than those managing at the top level of football. Equally though managing in countries other than England tend to be more open to the media about plans they are working in within the club.

Source 4 Summer Task

http://www.goal.com/en/news/462/netherlands/2015/02/27/9336542/de-boer-confirms-he-will-stay-at-ajax-in-2015-16

For this source we look at Ajax manager Frank De Boer and speculation linking him away as manager of Ajax. The main question being asked is whether or not he will stay on as manager of Ajax for the 2015/16 season.

When asked if he would he responded by saying “Liverpool can call Marc or my agents or another club. But they'll hear 'no'. At this moment, nothing is going on". Although this is a positive face to those involved at Ajax it is also an FTA to those involved a Liverpool as he has publically come out and denied a move to another club with a firm “no". As is it a positive face it shows that he is currently loyal to the club he is managing and this is a good thing to those involved at Ajax football club.

Source 3 Summer Task

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-3203384/Rafael-Benitez-unconcerned-Real-Madrid-s-relative-goal-drought-pre-season.html

In this source we look at Real Madrid manager Rafael Benitez and his comments about how his team have not scored many goals during their pre season friendlies.

 The question being asked to Benitez by media reporters is “are you concerned at your teams lack of goals during pre season?" This is an FTA as the reporter is trying to see whether the manager doesn't have faith with those in his squad. Ultimately Benitez's response is a face saving act and a positive face with him saying “it does not concern me, we had 22 shots and I am convinced that will bring us goals". This is a face saving act and a positive face because he is telling the media that his team will be capable of scoring the goals needed to win games once the season has begun and that he is not panicking about the situation because the games area friendlies and area not seen as mist win games.

Source 2 Summer Task

http://m.bristolpost.co.uk/BRISTOL-CITY-Manager-Steve-Cotterill-expresses/story-27618330-detail/story.html

This source focuses on Bristol City manager Steve Cotterill and how he is managing to try to get players signed with the club. This is another good source for looking how managers of different prestiges deal with FTA's as just like Source 1 there are subtle FTA's being asked towards the manager. For example, Cotterill was asked whether the team have other targets to try to buy after failing with an £8million bid for Crystal Palace striker Dwight Gayle. This is a FTA as the reporter seems to be sceptical about whether city are able to attract talented players. Cotterill responded with “we have loads of them, but its just a matter of whether we can afford them or not". This is not only a face saving act but also a positive face as the manager is reassuring those associated with the club and the reporters that despite failing to buy top targets they're able to find others to fit the team style as they have pin pointed alternative players to go for.